Laboratory reference ranges reflect methods, populations, and policies, and experienced clinicians interpret them in context rather than applying fixed cutoffs theoretically.

A set of normal values of three-dimensional echocardiographic right ventricular volume and function was first established in a large Chinese population, which was significantly smaller than those ...

Heart rate variability (HRV) is a known risk factor for mortality in both healthy and patient populations. There are currently no normative data for short-term measures of HRV. A thorough review of ...